These circuits often include phase locked loops (PLLs) that produce selectable or programmable output frequencies from the upstream MEMS reference frequencies. MEMS oscillators include MEMS resonators, sustaining amps, and additional electronics to set or adjust their output frequencies. ( November 2011) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)īy convention, the term oscillators usually denotes integrated circuits (ICs) that supply single output frequencies. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. In addition to driving the resonators, these circuits produce output signals for downstream electronics. ![]() In most cases these circuits are located near the resonators and in the same physical package. This article concerns their application in frequency and timing references.įor frequency and timing references, MEMS resonators are attached to electronic circuits, often called sustaining amplifiers, to drive them in continuous motion. They are used for timing references, signal filtering, mass sensing, biological sensing, motion sensing, and other diverse applications. MEMS resonators are small electromechanical structures that vibrate at high frequencies. MEMS oscillators are a valid alternative to older, more established quartz crystal oscillators, offering better resilience against vibration and mechanical shock, and reliability with respect to temperature variation. MEMS clock generators are MEMS timing devices with multiple outputs for systems that need more than a single reference frequency. MEMS oscillators incorporate MEMS resonators, which are microelectromechanical structures that define stable frequencies. The core technologies used in MEMS oscillators have been in development since the mid-1960s, but have only been sufficiently advanced for commercial applications since 2006. Microelectromechanical system oscillators ( MEMS oscillators) are devices that generate highly stable reference frequencies (used to sequence electronic systems, manage data transfer, define radio frequencies, and measure elapsed time) to measure time. ![]() ( December 2011) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. Dis., 17, 299–310.This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. (1972) Simulation of the electrical control activity of the stomach by an array of relaxation oscillators, Am. (1972) A smiple electronic analog of the squid axon membrane, IEEE Trans., BME- 19, 60–63. (1974) A mathematical model of the slow-wave electrical activity of the human small intestine. (1977) Phenomenological investigation of a distributed parameter model for coordinating the mechanical activity of the mammalian gut, IFAC International conference on Distributed Parameter Systems, University of Warwick, England. (1966) Applications of the Hodgkin-Huxley equations to excitable tissues, Physiol. (1962) A modification of the Hodgkin-Huxley equations applicable to the Purkinje fibres' action and pacemaker potentials, J. (1977) Spectral analysis of coupled non-linear oscillators under modulation conditions with reference to intestinal modelling. ![]() (1977) Frequency entrainment of coupled Hodgkin-Huxley type oscillators for modelling gastro-intestinal electrical activity, to be published in IEEE Trans., BME- 24, 362–365 (1977) Stability of entrainment conditions for RLC coupled van der Pol, oscillators used as a model for intestinal electrical rhythms, Bull. (1976) Mathematical modelling of the colorectal myoelectrical activity in humans, IEEE Trans., BME- 23, 101–111. (1974) Analytical solution of large numbers of mutually coupled nearly sinusoidal oscillators, IEEE Trans., CS- 2, 294. (1968) An electronic model of neuroelectric point processes, Kybernetik, 5, 30–46. (1952) A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve, J. (1976) The modelling of the Hodgkin-Huxley membrane with field-effect transistors, Med. (1976) Mode analysis of a multimode ladder oscillator, IEEE Trans., CS- 23, 100–113. (1974) Electrical activity of gastro-intestinal smooth muscle, Gut, 15, 669.Įndo, T., and Mori, S. (1975) A linked oscillator model of electrical activity of human small intestine. ![]() (1922) Action currents in stomach and intestine, Am.
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